AtheistUK88
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...think? Thanks.? 1. [Secular New Testament Scholarship]: Jesus of Nazareth was executed via crucifixion [1a, 1b, 1c].
2. [Jewish Scholarship, Judaism]: Jesus of Nazareth was executed via crucifixion [2].
3. [The New Testament, Christianity]: Jesus of Nazareth was executed via crucifixion [3].
4. [Gnosticism, Gnostic Christianity]: Jesus of Nazareth was not executed via crucifixion [4a, 4b].
5. [The Koran, Islam]: Jesus of Nazareth was not executed via crucifixion [5a, 5b].
1(a). (“Jesus death as a consequence of crucifixion is indisputable.”) - Atheist Gerd Ludemann-The Resurrection of Christ, Pg 50.
1(b). (Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.) A Brief Introduction to the New Testament by Bart D. Ehrman 2008. page 136
1(c). Bart Ehrman states (In any event, Tacitus's report confirms what we know from other sources, that Jesus was executed by order of the Roman governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate.) Bart Ehrman, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 197
2. (The mob had naturally more sympathy for the avowed rebel than for the person who had recommended the payment of tribute. It chose Barabbas; and Jesus was left to undergo the Roman punishment of Crucifixion in company with two malefactors....Whatever had been Jesus' anticipations, he bore the terrible tortures, due to the strain and cramping of the internal organs, with equanimity till almost the last, when he uttered the despairing and pathetic cry "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" (the Aramaic form of Ps. xxii. 1, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?"), which showed that even his resolute spirit had been daunted by the ordeal. This last utterance was in all its implications itself a disproof of the exaggerated claims made for him after his death by his disciples. The very form of his punishment would disprove those claims in Jewish eyes. No Messiah that Jews could recognize could suffer such a death; for "He that is hanged is accursed of God" (Deut. xxi. 23), "an insult to God" (Targum, Rashi).) Jewish Encyclopedia, The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, JESUS OF NAZARETH, The Crucifixion.
3. (And it was the third hour when they crucified him. And Jesus uttered a loud cry and breathed his last. Pilate was surprised to hear that he should have already died. And summoning the centurion, he asked him whether he was already dead. And when he learned from the centurion that he was dead, he granted the corpse to Joseph.) The New Testament, Mark 15:25, 37, 44-45, English Standard Version (©2001)
4(a). (As the Docetae objected to the reality of the birth, so from the first they particularly objected to the reality of the passion. Hence the clumsy attempts at substitution of another victim by Basilides and others. According to Basilides, Christ seemed to men to be a man and to have performed miracles. It was not, however, Christ, who suffered but Simon of Cyrenes who was constrained to carry the cross and was mistakenly crucified in Christ's stead. Simon having received Jesus' form, Jesus returned Simon's and thus stood by and laughed. Simon was crucified and Jesus returned to his father.) Irenaeus, Adv. Char., 1, xxiv
4(b). (Early Christian Gnostic sects during the first three centuries denied that Jesus was crucified, because they believed he did not have a physical substance. Basilides promoted the idea that Simon of Cyrene substituted Jesus at the crucifixion, and that Jesus himself took the form of Simon, and stood by and laughed at them.) mIsmo Dunderberg, Christopher Mark Tuckett, Kari Syreeni (editors), Fair Play: Diversity and Conflicts in Early Christianity: Essays in Honour of Heikki Räisänen, page 488 (Brill, Leyden; 2002).
5(a). (And [for] their saying, "Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah ." And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain. Rather, Allah raised him to Himself. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise.) Quran 4:157-158, Sahih International
5(b). (That they said (in boast), "We killed Christ Jesus the son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah";- but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them, and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain) knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not:-Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise;-) Quran 4:157-158, YUSUFALI
2. [Jewish Scholarship, Judaism]: Jesus of Nazareth was executed via crucifixion [2].
3. [The New Testament, Christianity]: Jesus of Nazareth was executed via crucifixion [3].
4. [Gnosticism, Gnostic Christianity]: Jesus of Nazareth was not executed via crucifixion [4a, 4b].
5. [The Koran, Islam]: Jesus of Nazareth was not executed via crucifixion [5a, 5b].
1(a). (“Jesus death as a consequence of crucifixion is indisputable.”) - Atheist Gerd Ludemann-The Resurrection of Christ, Pg 50.
1(b). (Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.) A Brief Introduction to the New Testament by Bart D. Ehrman 2008. page 136
1(c). Bart Ehrman states (In any event, Tacitus's report confirms what we know from other sources, that Jesus was executed by order of the Roman governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate.) Bart Ehrman, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 197
2. (The mob had naturally more sympathy for the avowed rebel than for the person who had recommended the payment of tribute. It chose Barabbas; and Jesus was left to undergo the Roman punishment of Crucifixion in company with two malefactors....Whatever had been Jesus' anticipations, he bore the terrible tortures, due to the strain and cramping of the internal organs, with equanimity till almost the last, when he uttered the despairing and pathetic cry "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" (the Aramaic form of Ps. xxii. 1, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?"), which showed that even his resolute spirit had been daunted by the ordeal. This last utterance was in all its implications itself a disproof of the exaggerated claims made for him after his death by his disciples. The very form of his punishment would disprove those claims in Jewish eyes. No Messiah that Jews could recognize could suffer such a death; for "He that is hanged is accursed of God" (Deut. xxi. 23), "an insult to God" (Targum, Rashi).) Jewish Encyclopedia, The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, JESUS OF NAZARETH, The Crucifixion.
3. (And it was the third hour when they crucified him. And Jesus uttered a loud cry and breathed his last. Pilate was surprised to hear that he should have already died. And summoning the centurion, he asked him whether he was already dead. And when he learned from the centurion that he was dead, he granted the corpse to Joseph.) The New Testament, Mark 15:25, 37, 44-45, English Standard Version (©2001)
4(a). (As the Docetae objected to the reality of the birth, so from the first they particularly objected to the reality of the passion. Hence the clumsy attempts at substitution of another victim by Basilides and others. According to Basilides, Christ seemed to men to be a man and to have performed miracles. It was not, however, Christ, who suffered but Simon of Cyrenes who was constrained to carry the cross and was mistakenly crucified in Christ's stead. Simon having received Jesus' form, Jesus returned Simon's and thus stood by and laughed. Simon was crucified and Jesus returned to his father.) Irenaeus, Adv. Char., 1, xxiv
4(b). (Early Christian Gnostic sects during the first three centuries denied that Jesus was crucified, because they believed he did not have a physical substance. Basilides promoted the idea that Simon of Cyrene substituted Jesus at the crucifixion, and that Jesus himself took the form of Simon, and stood by and laughed at them.) mIsmo Dunderberg, Christopher Mark Tuckett, Kari Syreeni (editors), Fair Play: Diversity and Conflicts in Early Christianity: Essays in Honour of Heikki Räisänen, page 488 (Brill, Leyden; 2002).
5(a). (And [for] their saying, "Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah ." And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain. Rather, Allah raised him to Himself. And ever is Allah Exalted in Might and Wise.) Quran 4:157-158, Sahih International
5(b). (That they said (in boast), "We killed Christ Jesus the son of Mary, the Messenger of Allah";- but they killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them, and those who differ therein are full of doubts, with no (certain) knowledge, but only conjecture to follow, for of a surety they killed him not:-Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise;-) Quran 4:157-158, YUSUFALI