What is the amino acid pool?
A) A measure of the circulating essential amino acid levels available for protein synthesis
B) A mix of essential and nonessential amino acids derived from protein breakdown and dietary protein intake
C) The total amount of free amino acids in the circulation destined for deamination and excretion
D) The total amino acid content derived from a 24-hour dietary intake

All of the following are characteristics of protein-energy malnutrition except
A) it is found in elderly living alone.
B) it is found in hospitalized adults.
C) it almost always exhibits overt signs.
D) it is common in people with anorexia nervosa.

What is the chief function of pepsin?
A) Emulsifies dietary proteins
B) Cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides
C) Activates pancreatic proteases
D) Activates hydrochloric acid

Which of the following is a characteristic of hormones?
A) Inactivate bacteria
B) Act as buffers in the bloodstream
C) Coordinate visual response
D) Act as messenger molecules

Which of the following describes a relationship between protein intake and calcium metabolism?
A) Calcium excretion rises with increasing intake of animal-derived proteins
B) Calcium absorption increases with higher intakes of animal-derived proteins
C) Calcium excretion falls with increasing intake of animal- derived proteins
D) Calcium absorption declines with higher intakes of plant-derived proteins

At the end of your class presentation on "Protein-Energy Malnutrition," a student asks you to clarify how the rapid onset of protein-energy malnutrition occurs in kwashiorkor. How should you respond?
A) It is typically seen in patients who are 1-3 years old due to the sudden change in diet arising from their being weaned from breast milk after the birth of a sibling
B) It is usually synchronized with the drought season in each respective country
C) It is the result of an inborn error of metabolism
D) It is typically seen in patients who are 2-5 years old due to the sudden change in diet arising from their dislike for breast milk as they grow older

What is the structure of an enzyme?
A) Nucleic acid
B) Protein
C) Carbohydrate
D) Lipid

Which of the following may be used to determine protein utilization?
A) Calorimetry
B) Amino acid pool
C) Nitrogen balance

D) Supplementary value

Which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?
A) The central carbon atom
B) The side group
C) The number of oxygen atoms
D) The number of nitrogen atoms

In what organ is pepsin active?
A) Large intestine
B) Stomach
C) Small intestine
D) Pancreas

Protein sparing in the body is best achieved when a person ingests
A) mixed protein sources on alternate days.
B) adequate levels of carbohydrate and fat.
C) proteins of plant origin only.
D) proteins of animal origin only.